Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marijuana - Research Paper Example It contains delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a chemical that effects brain functioning. Marijuana statistics depict that the drug is highly abused in United States. Approximately 69 million people, above 12 years of age have used marijuana at least once. In 2006, according to the survey conducted by National Survey on Drug use and Health (NSDUH) it was the most common addictive drug in America. Around 14.8 million people widely used Marijuana as per the NSDUH survey. It is widely used by young adults in the age group ranging from 18 years to 25 years of age. The data emphasizes college students who at large fall under this category as reported by Centers for Disease Control. (CDH) This is most likely due to the low cost of the drug. The recent statistics illustrates that marijuana was accounted for 16 % of all admissions to health care facilities among which the ratio of males over female was higher (Fernandez & Allison, 2004). Even with such a high popularity, the rate of abuse of marijuana is decreasing. According to the Monitoring Future survey, the rate declined from 6.7% in 2006 to 5.7% in 2007 among eighth graders. Above all, around 74.3% eighth graders perceive the use of marijuana as detrimental for health. However, this drastic fall in the rate is probably due to other drugs that are also easily obtainable. Anyways the hallmark of this decline is that people are abandoning its usage but they might suffer withdrawal symptoms. Comparatively, marijuana has mild withdrawal symptoms than any other drug. The most common symptom is craving for the drug. It is reported that around 75.7% people abstaining from marijuana desperately craved for it. Mood swings are followed by craving. It is estimated that around 50.5% people trying to quit marijuana went through mood swings, petulancy or anxiety while other suffered from restlessness, aggression, nervousness and a lack of concentration. Insomnia

Physical Lab - Experimental Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Physical Lab - Experimental Plan - Essay Example The aim of this experiment is to apply the fluoride electrode method to a practical problem by measuring fluoride in tap water and to determine whether tea infusion from several types of tea increases the level of fluoride. 3. Serial dilution is done. This involves preparation of different less concentrated solutions from stock solution by dilution e.g. 10ml of 1000ppm stock solution is put in a volumetric flask and diluted with 100ml of distilled water to give 100ppm. A given range of standard solutions is obtained. 5. The ISE and reference electrode is then put into the least concentrated standard solution and allowed to adjust to room temperature and pressure and stirred gently after which electrode potential is measured. 7. Same volume of sample (tea) is measured and adjusted and the electrodes placed after which it is stirred and allowed to adjust to room conditions. Finally, electrode potential is measured. Calibration curves are then drawn. E=Eo+2.3RT/nFlog(Activity).Where, Eo is the Cell constant, RT/nF is the slope factor( shows the performance of electrode), n is ionic charge, R is the gas constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin. This process encounters a number of problems one of which is the release of other ions such as oxalate (www.chemistry.nmsu.edu)3. Other general problems encountered are related to erroneous values obtained due to sample contamination, junction clogging, and incorrect slope of the electrode (Wroblewsk, 2012)4. Such problems are generally rectified by using pure standards and using ISAB or decomplexing to adjust the conditions so as to avoid formation of other ions. Fluoride content of tea can then be compared with that of known solutions. Other methods such as one point calibration, incremental techniques, multiple sample addition and titrimetric procedures may be used. ISE is applied in Agriculture to determine level

Marketing Analysis: Kellogg Cornflakes

Marketing Analysis: Kellogg Cornflakes Kelloggs has persisted in the market as a strong brand in the FMCG industry. Its cereal flakes is a line of product that has been accepted worldwide as one of the most convenient ready to eat meal for breakfast. Over the years people in most countries has consumed more of Kelloggs products than any of its competitors. Annual report of the company shows in late 1980s the company had reached all time peak, gaining a staggering 40 percent in the US ready to eat market and thereby prompting a yearly sales of US $6 billion. In 1990s since the industry in the core markets of U.S and U.K started to face stiff competition with lots of players entering, Kelloggs made a decision to migrate into the Indian market. The market potential was huge since it was a population of 950 millions, out of which 250 million were middle class and was a completely untapped market. In 1994 Kelloggs entered the Indian Market by investing US$ 65 million into launching its flagship product Corn Flakes. However the Indian Consumers found it hard to merge the concept of Corn Flakes with their lifestyle. The most prevalent practice was boiled vegetables and hence the concept of ready to eat failed in India. Even though the first year sales were encouraging, the sales started falling from the second year. It was becoming apparent that people mainly purchased it as a onetime novelty purchase. This study reflects the possible ways in which the brand can be sustained as a successful one in the Indian market. Devising a Marketing plan using the SOSTAC Model: Situational Analysis using SWOT: Strength: High Global Market Share: Kelloggs has 65% global market share according to the audit of March 2010 conducted by KPMG, in the ready-to-eat cereal products and it is also the leading producer in this category. Strong Brand: As a brand the worth of Kelloggs is 13 billion USD at the present time, and even in the period of strong economic crisis it is regarded as one of the profitable brands in US and the European Countries. Some of the brands under Kelloggs are widely accepted. Nutri-gain, Pop-tarts, Kebbler and Ego are just to name a few of them. Large Product Line: In terms of the depth and width of the product mix, Kelloggs has got a wide variety of packaged cereal flakes. It has also stated producing products in assorted categories other than cereal flakes such as choco flakes for children, and also categories such as vegan, certified halal meat, low sodium content and gluten free flakes. Kelloggs also has a healthy food category. Continuous Research to reduce cost: Kelloggs invests a substantial amount on Research and development in order to reduce cost. They have also set up their manufacturing plants in South East Asian countries in order to produce at the expense of cheaper labour and to reduce cost on logistics. Weakness: High Price: A package of 475 grams of Kelloggs corn flakes cost 130 INR which is considered to be pretty high from the Indian perspective. Most housewives who are potential shoppers do opine that this pack lasts for a maximum of 3 usages. This is not regarded as economical from the Indian perspective. Unsuitable for Indian Lifestyle: The general Indian practice was of using warm milk, which was very contradictory to the American concept of using cold milk. Due to the usage of warm milk, the flakes became soggy. Declining Sales: Asia represents only 2% of the Kelloggs worldwide sales. Since its inception in 1994, the countrywide sales have dropped by 25%. Bad relation with Supermarkets: To be in tandem with its pricing Kelloggs should establish itself to sell more through the Supermarkets. However Kelloggs recently had to suffer a lot due to its bad relationship with Supermarkets. For instance Kelloggs products were moved from the shelves of Food Bazaar since it was giving the retailer a much lesser margin than Tasty Treat which is its private label. Opportunity: Globalisation: Due to the effect of globalisation, Indians are now more exposed to the International Cultures. The youth in India now tries to imitate a lot of the lifestyles prevalent in U.K and U.S.A. Increasing level of Disposable Income: Being a growing economy, the income level is rising, hence if Kelloggs can switch over from being a premium pricing brand to a slightly competitive pricing brand, it would be able to extract the money from Indians. Advent of Television Advertising: Due to a continuous improvement in the quality of television advertising, advertisement campaigns are creating awareness and interest towards a brand at a faster. A brand like Kelloggs Choco can be very popular in this way. Threats: Private Label Brands: With supermarkets such as Food Bazaar, Spencer, More, etc gaining more margins on private label brands, it is becoming difficult for Kelloggs to maintain its shelf space in super markets. Local Competitors: Some local and regional competitors such as Crunchy Oats are becoming stronger players due to their low pricing strategies. The Environmental Analysis Using Porters 5 Forces: C:UsersstephenDesktopimages.jpg Degree of Rivalry: (High) Face a stiff competition in Indian market from Local and Regional players such as Crunchy Oats and private label brands such as Tasty Treat. Even global players such as Nestle are giving them tough competition in products within the kids segment. An oligopolistic competition structure exists within the industry. Switching cost is negligible, and most consumers regard switching to be profitable since they get better quality product at a lesser price. Growth is stagnant for the last five years whereas the Industry is expanding. Bargaining Power of Buyers: (High) Supermarkets are continuously forcing to reduce price of products to obtain higher margins, hence consumers are more inclined towards private label brands. Switching cost is again negligible. In certain semi urban and developing areas of the country, people still find it difficult to associate with the concept of consuming cereal flakes in cold milk. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: (Low) The company has a central manufacturing unit in the country and about 20 other units across the world. Raw materials are sourced from the local market. Hence the supplier bargaining power is low. Threat of Substitutes: (High) Other ready to eat and packaged food products are more popular among Indian consumers such as Maggie Noodles. Maggie noodles are more preferred since they are served hot. There is no switching cost involved. Threat of New Entrants: (High) It is difficult for competitors to develop new products in this category since they would require investment and time to develop. Distribution is a major concern. High slotting promotional fees, limited shelf space, and the need to create retail demand are additions to the manufacturing cost. Capital costs are very high since setting up production facilities and distribution chain takes into account a high upfront investment. Objective Setting at different strategic levels: Corporate Strategy: To increase profitability by 23% worldwide by 2011 Business level Strategy: To gain 50% market share countrywide in India by 2011. Marketing Strategy: To become the breakfast meal of 70% of the urban Indian Household by 2011. Developing Strategies: Creating a Growth Strategy using the Ansoffs Matrix: C:Documents and SettingssoumyadeepMy DocumentsMy Picturesuntitled.bmp Kelloggs operates in a country wherein it is an existing brand for the last five years. All products in the product line are known to consumers and a market for such products has also developed. Hence the strategy that Kelloggs should undertake in order to increase its sales is Market Penetration. Kelloggs being an established brand would not have a problem in penetrating the market and increasing its share. The risk factor would also be considerably low. In order to penetrate Kelloggs has to look at two things: Creating a different position for the brand through a better communication and in turn developing a new improved value proposition. Kelloggs must make utilization of cost reduction in order to gain price leadership in the market. Once the product appeals to consumers they will purchase it readily due to the low price. If the company can sell a higher volume at a lesser margin, then they can combat competition successfully. Creating a competitive strategy using Porters Generic Strategies: Kelloggs being an FMCG product has to have an Industry wide strategic scope. However according to the research Kelloggs should practice a combination of Differentiation and Overall Cost leadership. Kelloggs as a brand has a large portfolio of products and each product have its own uniqueness. Hence they should continue to leverage on the differentiation aspect. However a major challenge that Kelloggs faces is its premium pricing, on gaining a cost leadership, it can implement a competitive pricing. This will make the brand more attractive. Tactics employed in order to achieve strategic objectives: Product: Pack Size: Since most of the products within the product mix are widely accepted across the globe, Kelloggs should not change the range of cereal flakes that it has. However in order to increase the frequency of purchase, Kelloggs can reduce the minimum pack size from 475g to 250 g so that it becomes more popular amongst young individuals who live a fast life and stay single. For such group of target customers the basket size of purchase is much small. Hence smaller size packs will attract them to a greater extent. Apart from this value packs must be issued initially to pick up sales. These are packs of 500 g at the price of 475g packs. Packaging: Most of Kelloggs packs do not have the nutritive benefits engraved on them (except for Special K). They only contain a small label showing the nutritional ingredients. Over the recent years the urban Indian population has become more diet conscious. Hence it would be advantageous to engrave the nutritive benefits on them. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/photo.cms?msid=3190216 Present packaging new packaging Price: Kelloggs flakes are priced higher than competitors. Prices of three most manufactured Indian Brands are higher than most competitors. 475g of Kelloggs Corn Flakes costs Rs 130, whereas its closest competitor delivers 500g at Rs 109. Kelloggs thus should reduce the price. In the recent company audit report from KPMG it has been found that the most highly purchased product, the Kelloggs choco is priced at Rs 125 for a 375g pack, thus making it difficult for a middle class Indian household to avail it. Kelloggs should promote more of this product by reducing the price. Also in order to obtain better penetration in the market Kelloggs should try and sell more through Supermarkets rather than corner grocery shops. Hence Kelloggs should supply more volume at lesser margin to supermarkets and hypermarkets. Place: Internet: One of the medium through which urban customers are purchasing more of their FMCG products is the internet. The advent of online retailing, Kelloggs must try and sell more through online medium. Especially for institutional sales such as to hospitals and school or college hostels, where purchases are made in bulk, Kelloggs should encourage online sale of products. This will help them in reducing the time to deliver their products faster and help them to sell higher units. Also, the negotiation terms with supermarkets, hypermarkets and convenient stores should be laid in a way such that Kelloggs cereal flakes occupies maximum shelf space in its particular product category. The main objective should be to gain maximum shelf space rather than trying to earn more margins per unit. Promotion: The most important element in the marketing mix of Kelloggs is the promotions. When Kelloggs entered India about fifteen years ago, they lacked research of the behaviour of the Indian consumers. They took no notice of the fact that Indians disliked the concept of consuming cold milk, and the flakes became soggy in warm milk. Hence in order to promote the practice of the consuming normal or cold milk Kelloggs should use the television advertising media effectively. This would create a separate value proposition for the brand. For example time can be used as a parameter to create urgency for the brand. A television advertisement showing this concept will create response among customers. Idea- Showing a household wherein every member is rushing for his or her work or school. In such a short time boiling milk and consuming flakes is a lengthy process. Hence normal milk is used and it even tastes nice. The new mission statement of the brand could be Kelloggs: Your Fast BreakFastà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The other forms of communication channels should be advertising hoardings, posters in super markets and magazines such as Graphiti. In order to promote kids products such as Kelloggs Choco the company can organize event promotions through various retailers and also through sponsorship of kids activities and competitions at schools. Sales promotion would also be done throughout the year through the distribution of freebies. Freebies such as a bowl can be given with a pack of 475g of Kelloggs Corn Flakes. This would be of utility in the consumption process and would in-turn increase sales. Process: Distribution is the pivotal processes that should be taken care of in achieving the objectives After the manufacturing process, the distribution chain should be controlled from different centers. There should be four regional distribution centers (RDC) at the four different zones- Delhi (North), Calcutta (East), Mumbai (West) and Bangalore (South). Each distribution center should supply in its particular zone and each distribution center should use the hub and spoke model. All four distribution centers should be interconnected to each other. The distribution model is as follows: Actions followed to achieve the tactics: The head office of Kelloggs is situated in Mumbai. All plan of action should be coordinated from the Mumbai head office and the decisions should effectively pass on across the distribution centers up to the store level where the product gets handed over to the end consumer. Usage of 2009 Financial Statements (Historical method): The budget is planned based upon an analysis of the income statement of 2009. In the fiscal year 2009 as per the annual reports of the company the net income $1,212 million. The net cash flow in the last quarter has been $1230 million and also as per the last quarter the liquid cash reserves of the company is $527 millions. Hence Kelloggs Corporation can invest a high amount in the development of the Indian market in order to bring it to a growth. The total budget allocated towards marketing activities of the Indian market is. The allocated amount is divided into five discrete divisions to carry out activities. These divisions are packaging, sponsorship, advertisement, sales promotion, event promotion and value packs. To map the budget according to the activities of the organisation a GNATT action chart is used. Activity Time Staff Amount Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Packaging 1 Sponsorship 2 Advertisement 3 Sales Promotion 4 Event Promotion 5 Value Packs 6 Gaining Control over the plan: Control can be gained over the process by using two different approaches: Periodic control: A periodic control can be exercised over the plan by performing Marketing Audits from time to time. The company must not rely only on external auditors such as KPMG, they should also gain control through internal audits performed by auditors within the company. Through marketing audits performance gaps should be identified. The extent to which the results vary from the desired targets should be noted and corrective measures should be taken accordingly. Continuous Control: A continuous control should be introduced by maintenance of a Balanced Scorecard customized specifically for stakeholders perspective of Kelloggs.

THe beginning of Seattle history :: essays papers

THe beginning of Seattle history The coast of Washington is rich with the history of early America. While much of the United States was still in its infancy, Washington was thriving with industry. Though the industry was large, the towns were just beginning to grow. Though Washington’s coastal towns offered much to its citizens, it was the logging industry that started it all. In this paper, I will discuss the growth of the logging industry, specifically in relation to Seattle, and the resulting extension industries in the development of what is now our nations largest port city. I. The early industry: The laborers who sat idle during the fur trading off-season were of great concern to George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1821. As he sat in his newly transferred building situated on the north bank of the Columbia River, he noticed the commanding view, in which he saw endless stands of thick timber. By order of Simpson, command of the new post, Fort Vancouver, was secured by one John McLoughlin and together, the two established the first Washington timber mill (Ficken 1987). The mill, which began operation in 1828, was charged with the responsibility of supplying timber up and down the southern coast of the United States and where ever markets were deemed profitable. This venture enabled the company to cover expenses throughout the remainder of the year and according to Simpson, â€Å"†¦yielded quite a handsome profit† (Ficken 1987). The mighty Columbia had proven useful in transporting logs to the port in the Puget Sound. The successful Fort Vancouver sawmill constituted the only timber exploitation resource in the Pacific Northwest for over a decade. As the industry became more and more profitable, the inevitable happened, and the Americans came to the Northwest. II. The potential of Seattle is realized: In 1851, Arthur Denny and a small crew built small log shelters on the beach of Elliot Bay. As Denny and his party recognized the availability of timber in the region, they moved camp to the more protected eastern shores of the bay to erect facilities to process the lumber they would soon be harvesting (Ficken 1987). As they laid out their settlement, they called their village Duwamps (later to be know as Seattle). The industry grew and soon mills were showing up all over the coast of Washington.

Level 3 Diploma Perioperative Support Essay

Explain how and why person centred values must influence all aspects of health and social care work Some of the person centred values that influence aspects of health and social care are; Good communication How By using good communication you can give a person centred approach to care. Giving a patient/individual as information as possible is a way of good communication, inform them what you are doing before you do it and while you are doing it, explain why you will be doing what you are doing or about to do and let them know what to expect i. . if you are about to canulate them let them know that they may feel a sharp scratch Why Giving a patient/individual constant information helps make the patient feel at ease as they feel more involved in what is going on and have a clear understanding of what is going on , this also gives the individual the knowledge of what will be happening and why. Communication is a key element in giving person centred care Choice How By asking a patient/individual if they would like to keep there hearing aid in while I take the patient down to theatre I am giving them a choice whether they would like to remove there hearing aid or choose to keep it on. Why By giving patients/individuals choices you are giving them a bit of control in an environment where patients can feel they have no control over what is happening and by giving them small options it can make them feel a bit more in control and give them some dignity and respect. Making time How In main theatres it can be hard to make time for patients as time is usually of the essence and the need for keeping the theatre list moving quickly and efficiently is paramount, but by simply talking to your patient while you are transporting them down to theatre can make all the difference, it helps calm the patient down, taking there mind off the operation they are about to have. By talking to them while you are transporting them you are still keeping to the time limits set out before you. Why Making time for a patient/individual is probably the most important thing you can do in a system where the patient may feel like there being dragged from pillar to post in a busy department where no one has time for them and feel that it’s a case of â€Å"get them in get them out† attitude. Taking just two minutes out of your schedule can make a massive difference to a patient as it helps reassure them that they are not forgotten which makes the patient feel important and not a burden on the system.

Nextgen for Airports Essay

Abstract Rarely in the world of academia does a student get to write a paper on something they are actually interested in. That is exactly what has happened in my case this term. From my days in the United States Air Force I’ve been fascinated by aircraft, aircraft technology, and how the daily operations of the worlds flights are coordinated. Nextgen is the future of aircraft travel technology, and this paper will explain its past, present, and future. What is Nextgen? NextGen stands for Next Generation Air Transportation System. NextGen is a transformative change in the way aircraft flight is managed, and the operations of how we fly. NextGen enhances safety, reduces delays, saves fuel and reduces aviation’s adverse environmental impact. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been in the process of intergrating new and existing technologies for many years now. This is a comprehensive effort to conduct the largest aircraft travel transformation in the history of flight. This transformation includes integrating satellites navigation and super advanced digital communications. Airports and aircraft in the National Airspace System will be connected to NextGen’s advanced infrastructure and will continually share real-time information to provide a better travel experience. (FAA.gov, 2012) NextGen’s astonishing transformation includes six core transformational programs: Collaborative Air Traffic Management Technologies, Data Communications, System Wide Information Management, NextGen Network Enabled Weather, NAS Voice System and Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast. These programs will facilitate the largest air transport transformation in history. According to the FAA website, there will be a continuous roll-out of improvements and upgrades, the FAA is building the capability to guide and track air traffic more precisely and efficiently to save fuel and reduce noise and pollution. NextGen is better for our environment, and better for our economy. NextGen for Airports The United States’ air transportation industry is and has been on the verge of bursting at the seams for more than a decade now. What NextGen means to the U.S. air traffic system is new capabilities that will improve safety and accessibility at airports. Also, Nextgen will allow for future air traffic growth, NextGen capabilities will help commercial airports accommodate the demand for additional capacity in a safe, efficient and environmentally responsible manner. (FAA.gov, 2012) The FAA provides an example of what NextGen means to the U.S. air traffic system: â€Å"the sharing and use of newly available surface surveillance data to track aircraft and vehicles will enhance safety and enable airports to make better use of existing capacity. And while airport surface improvement is one of the main near-term areas of emphasis, work is also underway on other initiatives, such as improving operations on closely spaced parallel, converging and intersecting runways.† On any given day, more than 87,000 flights are in the skies in the United States. Only one-third is commercial carriers, like American, United or Southwest. On an average day, air traffic controllers handle 28,537 commercial flights (major and regional airlines), 27,178 general aviation flights (private planes), 24,548 air taxi flights (planes for hire), 5,260 military flights and 2,148 air cargo flights (Federal Express, UPS, etc.). At any given moment, roughly 5,000 planes are in the skies above the United States. In one year, controllers handle an average of 64 million takeoffs and landings. (Natca.org, 2012) These are mind boggling statistics that would frighten even the most seasoned air traveler at best. I have several air traffic controller buddies who make greyhound seem more feasible everyday. Gate to Gate According to Sarah Brown with the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) using traditional technology controllers could only clear two aircraft into Steamboat Springs, Colorado an hour; but by using NextGen technology Wide Area Multilateralation (WAM) their capacity was increased to 10 aircraft an hour. This increase in landings directly affects the local economy through landing fee’s, increase in passenger revenue, tourism, and a myriad of other revenue generating sources to include: parking fee’s, car rentals, concessions, land rentals, and tenant fee’s. By increasing an airports capacity NextGen not only means faster, safer travel but also it means increased revenue’s for all parties involved. As FAA officials discuss the switch from ground based to satellite surveillance and navigation systems this vast improvement will ultimately lead to increased â€Å"gate to gate† air travel. (Brown, 2012) Not only does NextGen improve travel for airline passengers but the new technologies will provide more access for general aviation as well. Why NextGen Matters Typically in aviation it takes a catastrophic event to set change in motion. To use a phrase I heard a previous instructor use â€Å"it takes metal on metal to force a change in the aviation industry†. The FAA states, â€Å"NextGen will help us be even more proactive about preventing accidents with advanced safety management to enable us, with other government agencies and aviation partners, to better predict risks and then identify and resolve hazards.† Also, â€Å"NextGen boils down to getting the right information to the right person at the right time. It will help controllers and operators make better decisions. This data will assist operators in keeping employees and passengers better informed.† In today’s modern society every industry preaches safety, safety, safety my question is why does it take such catastrophic events to take the safer route? Safety matters, which is why NextGen matters! Economic Impact In all industries and business the bottom line is revenue, regardless if its Microsoft, Delta Airlines, Dow Chemical, or Colonial Pipeline. While some company’s vision may be noble, they are in business to make money. NextGen’s transformation is no different. NextGen is creating vast economic opportunities for those tasked to implement the changes such as General Dynamics to those in receipt of the technologies such as airports. Our nation’s economy depends on aviation. NextGen lays a foundation that will continually improve and accommodate future needs of air travel while strengthening the economy with one seamless global sky. NextGen will help communities make better use of their airports. More robust airports can help communities attract new jobs, and help current employers expand their businesses. By doing this the U.S. will strengthen its economy and help communities realize all the benefits that aviation can bring. (FAA.gov, 2012) Conclusion NextGen is one of the largest air transport system undertakings the world has ever seen, while such an undertaking has its nobility it is also strife with problems. The sheer lack of funding for such an immense task has been holding back the implementation of the transformation. With such a delay new technologies become outdated in the fast past world of technology. However, since I was a child I’ve been fascinated with airplanes and air travel so much so that I joined the Air Force. The advances in the technology used and proposed in NextGen leads me to believe in the continued growth of our National Air System. References About FAA NextGen. (n.d.). General Dynamics FAA NextGen. Retrieved from http://www.gd-faanextgen-jobs.com/About.aspx Flight Planning. (n.d.). FAA: NextGen to Guide You ‘gate to Gate’ Retrieved from http://www.aopa.org/flightplanning/articles/2011/110228nextgen_to_guide_you_gate_to_gate.html National Air Traffic Controllers Association – Homepage. (n.d.). National Air Traffic Controllers Association – Homepage. Retrieved from http://www.natca.org/ Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). (n.d.). Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). Retrieved from http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/

How to Make Rock Salt

How to Make Rock Salt Rock salt is a natural, unrefined salt consisting of large crystals with mineral impurities. Sometimes the impurities color the salt. For example, natural salt occurs in white, pink, red, and black. The grain size, color, and flavor make rock salt popular for recipes, bath products, and crafts, but it can be expensive! You can make your own rock salt substitute from regular table salt. Rock Salt Materials Salt (NaCl) - You can use iodized salt, uniodized salt, or sea salt.WaterFood coloring (optional) Grow Rock Salt Crystals Heat the water to a rolling boil. Very hot tap water is not hot enough because salt solubility depends on temperature.Stir in salt until no more will dissolve.If desired, add a couple of drops of food coloring. Two drops of red and one of yellow will give you rock salt that resembles pink Himalayan rock salt.Pour the solution into a clean container. For the cleanest crystals, avoid getting undissolved salt into this new container. On the other hand, for the quickest results, leave the undissolved salt to help start crystal growth.Let the salt crystals grow. As the water evaporates, the liquid becomes more concentrated and the crystals will grow more quickly. When you are satisfied with the amount you have (or the crystals stop growing), pour off the remaining liquid and let the salt dry. You can break it into pieces and store it in a sealed bag or jar.

Report Writing Help

Report Writing Help Report Writing Help Report Writing Help is Here for You Report writing is an integral part of studying process of any person, and unfortunately, this task is not simple to accomplish. In order to fulfill this task, you have to possess definite writing skills. If it is not difficult for you to write the report, you are a lucky person; however, far not all the people have such a talent. Writing the report is a real torment for the majority of students, and at this point, report writing help is here to save their nerves and time. We Solve Your Academic Problems With the help of report writing service, you can easily solve all the problems concerning your report writing. Since report writing service has come into existence such puzzling expressions as business report, book report, or technical report are not frightening anymore. If you do not know how to write this or that piece of report writing do not fall into despair, as report writing service is here to help you. A team of professionals will writ e any report on any topic for you with the proper quality and perfect style. Report writing is an activity that should be accomplished only by the people who have a real talent and passion for writing that is why report writing service is in a great demand among students nowadays. Only the highly qualified specialists, who cannot imagine their life without writing, researching, and creating, provide report-writing help for you. Our Report Writing Service Is Legitimate! Of course, apart from report writing service, it is also possible to find a ready-made report in the Internet and copy it. However, this option is not the best one in terms of plagiarism. You see if there is any plagiarism in your report, you will never get the good grade for it, or even you will have to rewrite the report one more time. That is why report writing service, which is definitely free of plagiarism, is the best way out for you. Moreover, if you have very little time left until you are to present your report, report writing service can cope with the task in a very short space of time. You set your terms, report writing service fulfills it. Order Your Report Writing Today! Report writing service exists in order you to be calm and confident in the success of your report. Entrust the task, which you hate to the professionals of report writing help and you will not be disappointed.

Amritsar Massacre, 1919

Amritsar Massacre, 1919 The European imperial powers committed many atrocities during their period of world domination.  However, the 1919 Amritsar Massacre in northern India, also known as the Jallianwala Massacre, surely ranks as one of the most senseless and egregious.   Background For more than sixty years, British officials in the Raj had viewed the people of India with mistrust, having been caught off-guard by the Indian Revolt of 1857. During World War I (1914-18), the majority of Indians supported the British in their war effort against Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.  Indeed, more than 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers or support staff during the war, and more than 43,000 died fighting for Britain. The British knew, however, that not all Indians were willing to support their colonial rulers.  In 1915, some of the most radical Indian nationalists took part in a plan called the Ghadar Mutiny, which called for soldiers in the British Indian Army to revolt in the midst of the Great War. The Ghadar Mutiny never happened, as the organization planning the revolt was infiltrated by British agents and the ring-leaders arrested. Nevertheless, it increased hostility and distrust among British officers toward the people of India. On March 10, 1919, the British passed a law called the Rowlatt Act, which only increased disaffection in India.  The Rowlatt Act authorized the government to imprison suspected revolutionaries for up to two years without a trial. People could be arrested without a warrant, had no right to confront their accusers or see the evidence against them, and lost the right to a jury trial.   It also placed strict controls on the press. The British immediately arrested two prominent political leaders in Amritsar who were affiliated with Mohandas Gandhi; the men disappeared into the prison system. Over the following month, violent street scuffles broke out between Europeans and Indians in the streets of Amritsar.  The local military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, issued orders that Indian men had to crawl on hands and knees along the public street, and could be publicly lashed for approaching British police officers. On April 13, the British government banned gatherings of more than four people. Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh On the very afternoon that freedom of assembly was retracted, April 13, thousands of Indians gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh gardens in Amritsar.  Sources say that as many as 15,000 to 20,000 people packed into the small space. General Dyer, certain that the Indians were beginning an insurrection, led a group of sixty-five Gurkhas and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers from Iran through the narrow passages of the public garden. Fortunately, the two armored cars with machine guns mounted on top were too wide to fit through the passageway and remained outside. The soldiers blocked all of the exits.  Without issuing any warning, they opened fire, aiming for the most crowded parts of the throng. People screamed and ran for the exits, trampling one another in their terror, only to find each way blocked by soldiers. Dozens jumped into a deep well in the garden to escape the gunfire, and drowned or were crushed instead. The authorities imposed a curfew on the city, preventing families from aiding the wounded or finding their dead all night. As a result, many of the injured likely bled to death in the garden. The shooting went on for ten minutes; more than 1,600 shell casings were recovered.  Dyer only ordered a ceasefire when the troops ran out of ammunition. Officially, the British reported that 379 people were killed; its likely that the actual toll was closer to 1,000.   Reaction The colonial government tried to suppress news of the massacre both within India and in Britain.   Slowly, however, word of the horror got out.  Within India, ordinary people became politicized, and nationalists lost all hope that the British government would deal with them in good faith, despite Indias massive contribution to the recent war efforts.   In Britain, the general public and the House of Commons reacted with outrage and disgust to news of the massacre. General Dyer was called to give testimony about the incident.  He testified that he surrounded the protestors and did not give any warning before giving the order to fire because he did not seek to disperse the crowd, but to punish the people of India generally. He also stated that he would have used the machine guns to kill many more people, had he been able to get them into the garden.   Even Winston Churchill, no great fan of the Indian people, decried this monstrous event. He called it an extraordinary event, a monstrous event. General Dyer was relieved of his command on grounds of mistaking his duty, but he was never prosecuted for the murders.  The British government has yet to formally apologize for the incident.   Some historians, such as Alfred Draper, believe that the Amritsar Massacre was key in bringing down the British Raj in India.  Most believe that Indian independence was inevitable by that point, but that the callous brutality of the massacre made the struggle that much more bitter. Sources Collett, Nigel.   The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer, London: Continuum, 2006. Lloyd, Nick. The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day, London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. Sayer, Derek. British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920, Past Present, No. 131 (May 1991), pp. 130-164.

Policy frame work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Policy frame work - Essay Example This law only permitted marriage between two adults of different sex. (Cbc News, 2007)Argues that in 1965, a young man of 24 years confessed to the police that he had a strong urge for other men and that he had had sexual relationships with other men with fellow men long enough and he wasn’t willing to change .he was viewed as a law offender and was jailed for several years in Canada. In 1967, Pierre Trudeau proposed change on the general outlook of homosexuality in Canada. He wanted homosexuals to be seen as normal people and regarded the idea of the state meddling in the bedrooms of its citizens unnecessary. In December 16th 1977, Quebec was the first province in Canada to include homosexuality in its code of human rights. By 2001, almost all provinces of Canada except Alberta, island of Prince Edward and territories on the North West abolished criminal charges on homosexuality. In 1978, a press by the name of Pink Triangle was charged after being found guilty of possessing erotic material â€Å"men loving boys and boys loving men† for sale. It took them at least six years to solve this case at the courts and on 15th June 1982, a judge named Thomas Mercer gave a ruling that changed the view of homosexuality. "It is perfectly legal to advocate what in itself would be unacceptable to most Canadians." (Cbc News, 2007)The judge argued. In 1979, sexual orientation was added to the human rights act of Canada which was spearheaded by Canadian human rights commission. In Feb. 1981, at least 300 men were arrested in a crackdown by the police in Toronto and there was a mass action taken by about3000 people on the streets of Toronto to protest against the arrest.1985 saw the parliamentary committee release a report that stressed equality for all especially to the discriminated homosexuals. Homosexuals were treated with much despise, subjected to physical abuse, psychological oppression, and hate

The Ocean in Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Ocean in Crisis - Research Paper Example In some places like arid desert where fresh water is not readily available, ocean water serves as a lifeline for societies who can decrease its salt content to a safe level. Humanity’s dependence on the oceans is not a recent development, but has existed for thousands of years, ever since man first realized that he could master the resources that the ocean has to offer. Humans are not beyond that basic dependence on regulation and equilibrium in how they interact with the vast oceans of earth. Unfortunately, much of this equilibrium between the health of oceans and the health of civilizations has disappeared in the last century, with the rise of grave threats to the world’s seas. Problems such as acidification, climate change, pollution, and overfishing have resulted in the need for civilizations to rethink how they exploit the oceans to support necessary institutions. Of course, the existence of these threats is not always clear, so the purpose of this paper is to eluc idate some of the inevitable dangers humans pose to the oceans and how those dangers can be reversed. Acidification Acidification is a process of decreasing the pH level of some substance—in this case, earth’s oceans. The process of acidification is occurring at a faster rate because of higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Because levels of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere remain relatively stable, the excess carbon dioxide is taken up by the oceans (Raven and Falkowski). Dissolved carbon dioxide produces acids such as carbonic acid and bicarbonate. A lower pH has the effect of making ocean waters more acidic, which means most importantly that oceanic calcifying organisms such as corals, crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, foraminifera, and others will be vulnerable to the negative effects of a more acidic ocean. Fundamental disruptions to the ecosystems of these organisms that lie at the bottom of the ocean’s food chain will have pr ofound, and most likely irreversible, influences life in the ocean (Nienhuis, Palmer and Harley 10). Keith Sherwood and Craig Idso argue against those who claim ocean acidification poses a significant problem to earth’s largest ecosystem based on a review by Hendriks et al., published in 2010. According to the report, warnings that ocean acidification poses a significant long-term threat to marine biodiversity are based on theoretical models that do not account for numerous biological phenomena and are not supported by empirical observation. According to Sherwood and Idso, biological processes are capable of homeostasis against significant changes in pH levels within the range predicted during the 21st century. However, the essential contradiction here is that the conclusion being offered by Sherwood and Idso is based on the same theoretical models that they claim are not supported by empirical observation earlier; that is, â€Å"the range predicted during the 21st centuryâ €  is a prediction based on a theoretical model of how acid levels in the bulk waters of the oceans will change. A major problem Sherwood and Idso do not address is whether predictions about acid level increases are actually reliable when by their own admission, Sherwood and Idso do not think so. Perhaps acid levels will rise much more than predicted, which would call into the question their conclusion that homeostasis can make up the difference. Climate Change Climate change and ocean acidificati

AACSB ASSESSMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AACSB ASSESSMENT - Essay Example The first worry for Fed is the decreasing GDP; this is because once the GDP starts decreasing there are a number of negative consequences that will be apparent. In the calculation of the real GDP using where GDP=C + I + G + (Ex - Im) where the (Ex - Im) represents the net exports which as shown by the formula could either be negative or positive (Parkin 2005). In this case, if it is positive, then the country’s GDP increases and vice versa when it is negative. It is the duty of the Fed to ensure that the GDP is always positive since it has a direct impact on the country’s economy. In this case, the GDP has decreased by 6.3 %, this decrease has a direct effect on the labor market and the country as well. The rate of a country’s production is measured by its GDP and hence a drop in the GDP means that there will be unemployment increase as evident in this case, household incomes decrease, decrease in business profits and increase in the number of bankruptcies as evi dent by the mortgage defaults experienced in this case. Based on the facts analyzed above, the consequences demonstrated in the above case are as a result of the decline in the GDP and hence the first worry for the Fed. The Fed should thus not worry about the increasing unemployment rate, mortgage defaults and even college dropout but rather worry about the GDP by creating a stimulus plan that will raise the GDP which will then translate to the a higher purchasing power for the country’s citizens (Parkin 2005). In order to save the economy of the country, there is no one only way of accomplishing the task but rather a delicate balance between regulation of open market operation and adjustments of country’s fiscal policies. The rationale for this is because of the cumulative contribution of various factors towards the drop in the real GDP and hence the increased

Wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Wall street journal - Essay Example market share as well as attempt to keep the sales in China rolling if the company is to be able to attain its goal of selling eight million units. Both the two company executives will continue to the company’s Chief Executive Mark Fields (Ramsey, 2014). Since his appointment to operations in 2010, Mr. Odell has been instrumental in crafting a restricting effort that has resulted in an 18% reduction the company’s operating capacity as well as the closure of three plants in a region where the closure of plants is acknowledged to be rather difficult. Although Ford’s European sales and market share are noted to be up this year, of concern is that the decline of the Russian economy has largely prevented the company from earning any revenue in that country. Mr. Farley who is considered as Mr. Mulally’s first major hire was brought into the company in 2006 and has since been crucial in effecting Ford’s turnaround. He is reputed as having helped in pushing the move by Ford to sell some of the relatively pricier vehicle versions such as the Titanium time line. He is also recognized as having played a major role in improving the company’s involvement in social media and a range of other nontraditional marketing avenues before this became commonplace across the entire industry. The swap is expected to help both company executives to significantly broaden their experience (Ramsey, 2014). Ramsey (2014) also points out that according to analysts, it is thought that there was a push by Mr. Farley try and do something else. This is because the issue in Europe has been identified as being not so much as bout marketing as Ford has a relatively strong market presence in that region. It is primarily about the market. This does not mean that Mr. Farley will not be able to succeed, however Europe has been an extremely difficult place. Although the European restructuring designed by Mr. Odell is

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms Dissertation

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms - Dissertation Example Other than the research design, studies need to provide an understanding of the research rationale, sample and sampling procedure, data and collection methods, as well as the data analysis process. The following chapter provides a deeper analysis of the methodology employed in conducting this study. Research Design Approach Research studies take the form of qualitative, quantitative, or both. Whereas quantitative designs use numerical data, qualitative designs use non-numerical data and information to make analysis towards achieving the aim of the study. In order to realise the objectives of this research, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was employed. On the one hand, the study utilized available research data on the subject of CSR policy and performance among major corporations in the UK. In order to identify a sample space to draw information from, a recent research by Highflier’s Research (2011) on the Top 100 Graduate Employers in the UK for the year 2011 and 2012 was used. Secondary data and information regarding CSR in respect to UK firms provided a good foundation and basis for conducting a detailed analysis hence conclusions and recommendations. Apart from the use of secondary data especially the research study conducted by Highflier’s Research (2011), the study also collected additional information and data from the available literature that addresses the concepts and aspects of CSR with respect to UK firms. Such literatures formed the bigger part of the literature review section. Specific information obtained from the various literatures included the CSR policy frameworks as well as performance of UK firms in respect to the same strategic move. The literatures... The research selects three firms, Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury and uses them to represent the entire population. These firms are UK-based and of late have been seen as very successful in respect to CSR policies and performances. The sampling method that was used was the stratified sampling, which involves selecting specific firms that have heard significant impact, whether positive or negative, on the business environment on the basis of the topic under discussions. The three firms formed the case studies that needed to be analyzed in order to arrive at the conclusion. However, there were information and data required regarding the client’s perception on the firms’ CSR policies and performances. Again, it was difficult to conduct interviews on all the clients of the three firms. Consequently, 150 clients were selected randomly and a semi-structured interview was performed on them identifying firstly the firm of choice and then their views on the CSR policies as well as per formances. As much as we praise the importance of CSR practices to the organisation, the ultimate effectiveness of such practices is best felt by the public. It is true that interviewing senior corporate managers can serve good in understanding the environment underpinning their CSR policies. Nevertheless, this option is both resource consuming and might be subject to faked information as managers strive to safeguard their business secrets. On the other hand however, company clients are more open in airing their views on businesses and their practices

DNA Fingerprinting Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

DNA Fingerprinting - Research Proposal Example Jeffreys began at the simplest, by detecting single copies of the genes and the phenomena of introns. It was this research that introduced the genuine concepts of restricted fragment length polymorphism or RFLP.(Newton, 2004, np) By this technique it was possible to divide the DNA in to smaller pieces, which in turn led to discovery of SNP or single nucleotide polymorphism. The SNP became a designation for points in DNA that show variation in the nucleotide arrangement, which prevents their cutting. These two discoveries were going to affect the entire future of the genetic technologies. (Newton, 2004, np) The discovery of the DNA printing made it an exclusive fact that humans differ substantially from other life forms, a notion he had pride on for many millennia. Now DNA finger printing is a common house hold concept, as people know that in order to identify someone, a small trace of him or her is required in the form of hair, fingerprint, semen, saliva etc. Jeffreys studied the variations in the human DNA, and focused on those variations that would come up in repeat DNA sequences. This research led him to conclude that no two DNA strands can be the same, and act as genetic "fingerprints" to the person.(Sir Alex Jeffreys, 2007, np) The finding again was augmented by data derived from experiments on seal myoglobin genes, where the phenomena of mini-satellites in human genome was discovered. This was a major breakthrough in the start of the research of genetic fingerprinting. (Sir Alex Jeffreys, 2007, np) Mini or micro satellites are located on the non-coding DNA, and it is this DNA th at accumulates random variations at faster pace than the coding DNA. Many of these non-coding DNA genes are gene regulators, but a significant amount does not contain any information at all. These "junk DNA" are essentially the phenomenon which is known as the micro-satellites. The micro-satellites contain short and repetitive DNA sequences within the sequence. Usually their location is easily predicted, however, this sequence repetition is variable in every individual.(Olson, 2006, np) It is the micro-satellites that are cut when DNA fragmentation results, which lead to various lengths of band formation or RFLPs.The main concept behind this individuality of specie within itself is the arrangement of base pairs in the DNA. This arrangement difference is what differentiates species and animals and plants, as well as persons from each other. Therefore, every DNA sequence is unique. The DNA sequence in one organism will be the same in all of its cells, whether unicellular or multi-cell ular. The number of base pairs is different in every species, along with its configuration, which differentiates the various species from each other. (Antler, 2003, para 1) DNA fingerprinting is now being used in many fields of common life and advanced genetic researches. One of the most interesting areas is the diagnosis of inherited disease within an individual. It is now a known fact that humans inherit many illness genes, which are contributory in progression of the disease. Ethical issues aside, in prenatal and newborn infants, this technology can be used to identify any inherited disorders that they may be carrying, and institute treatment should the need arise. Due to the increased involvement

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms Dissertation

An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility in UK Firms - Dissertation Example Other than the research design, studies need to provide an understanding of the research rationale, sample and sampling procedure, data and collection methods, as well as the data analysis process. The following chapter provides a deeper analysis of the methodology employed in conducting this study. Research Design Approach Research studies take the form of qualitative, quantitative, or both. Whereas quantitative designs use numerical data, qualitative designs use non-numerical data and information to make analysis towards achieving the aim of the study. In order to realise the objectives of this research, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approaches was employed. On the one hand, the study utilized available research data on the subject of CSR policy and performance among major corporations in the UK. In order to identify a sample space to draw information from, a recent research by Highflier’s Research (2011) on the Top 100 Graduate Employers in the UK for the year 2011 and 2012 was used. Secondary data and information regarding CSR in respect to UK firms provided a good foundation and basis for conducting a detailed analysis hence conclusions and recommendations. Apart from the use of secondary data especially the research study conducted by Highflier’s Research (2011), the study also collected additional information and data from the available literature that addresses the concepts and aspects of CSR with respect to UK firms. Such literatures formed the bigger part of the literature review section. Specific information obtained from the various literatures included the CSR policy frameworks as well as performance of UK firms in respect to the same strategic move. The literatures... The research selects three firms, Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury and uses them to represent the entire population. These firms are UK-based and of late have been seen as very successful in respect to CSR policies and performances. The sampling method that was used was the stratified sampling, which involves selecting specific firms that have heard significant impact, whether positive or negative, on the business environment on the basis of the topic under discussions. The three firms formed the case studies that needed to be analyzed in order to arrive at the conclusion. However, there were information and data required regarding the client’s perception on the firms’ CSR policies and performances. Again, it was difficult to conduct interviews on all the clients of the three firms. Consequently, 150 clients were selected randomly and a semi-structured interview was performed on them identifying firstly the firm of choice and then their views on the CSR policies as well as per formances. As much as we praise the importance of CSR practices to the organisation, the ultimate effectiveness of such practices is best felt by the public. It is true that interviewing senior corporate managers can serve good in understanding the environment underpinning their CSR policies. Nevertheless, this option is both resource consuming and might be subject to faked information as managers strive to safeguard their business secrets. On the other hand however, company clients are more open in airing their views on businesses and their practices

Functional Areas of Business Essay Example for Free

Functional Areas of Business Essay Functional Areas of Business In an organization, there are many functional areas of a business. These functional areas include management, law, human resource management, leadership, accounting, finance, economics, research and statistics, operations management, marketing, and strategic planning. A manager’s role is never the same in these functional areas. Within the paper, the writer will analyze the role of a manager with the functional areas of business. Management and Law Managers have to ensure the business success; this is how management comes into play. Management has to use his or her human capital effectively, and efficiently to accomplish daily task within an organization. Human capital is also the organizational most important resource because employees can make a business successful. Managers need to ensure that a job is design properly, and when setting goals for employees are they reachable. Rewards are another part of how managers can get employees to complete his or her job in an efficient manner. In order for a business to function in today’s society, a manager has to ensure that the business is in compliance with the state, and federal laws. If a business operates in an international market, then the business also has international laws and regulations to follow. According to University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module (2014), â€Å"business law also helps managers safeguard the firm’s intellectual property and resolve situations when they arise† (para, Law). Human Resource Management and Leadership Human resource management in numerous organizations is the foundation of that business. One such role is ensuring that the right candidate acquires the job. Managers also use this to develop employee’s skills by training him or her properly, and ensure that employees wages are correct. Managers also evaluate employees on his or her performance, and give disciplinary actions to correct the situation. Within this functional area, a manager also offers the employee benefits that the business has to offer (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Not everyone can pose leadership qualities; however leadership qualities can be trained. In this functional area, a manager may inspire, and motivate his or her employees; this helps employees achieve the company’s goals. Not all leaders are managers; however, leaders can assist managers with handling conflict, and power struggles with the company when they occur (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Accounting and Finance One may believe that accounting and finance are the same; there are differences between the two. According to the online dictionary (2014), accounting is â€Å"the theory and system of setting up, maintaining, and auditing the books of a firm† (Accounting). Accounting has two parts, financial accounting, and managerial accounting. Managerial accounting involves managers viewing income statements and balance sheets. The information from the accounting and finance statement assists managers with making a sound decision on behalf of the company. These decisions may include how the company will spend for the future, if the company can afford to employ new employee, and how to budget for upcoming ventures (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). One of the most essential parts of an organization is the constant acquisition of fixed earnings. In order for any business to grow and thrive, it is necessary that the business acquire assets. Managers within the company will have different choices on how to make these decisions. When dealing with a company’s international market and finance a manager also influences new ventures that the company may be taking (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Economics, Research and Statistics Economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within countries and individual firms† (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Mangers use economics to increase the company’s profit and to understand the market conditions; these conditions include recession, and depression. Managers use this information to determine what factors need to be viewed and understand before entering into a new market especially the international market. The research portion is information is collected from a person, and statistics is use to understand that data. Managers use this information to gain insight to the business. A manager can understand the consumption of a product, how often it is consume, and the usage time frame associated with the products. All the above information assists managers with knowing when to continue using these products, and when to modify productivity in the future (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). Operations Management and Marketing Operations management ties into research and statistics. Operations management is how managers use the information they have received and interpret the data to determine the products that consumers use most, the seasons in which these products have the highest sale. As previously stated, this information helps managers determine when to produce the product, or if the product should be pulled off the market (University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module, 2014). According to the business dictionary (2014) marketing is, â€Å" the management process through which goods and services move concept to the consumer† (Marketing). Marketing uses different strategies that offer consumer products. One method of finding out what the consumer desire is the â€Å"push versus pull† promotional strategy (Eveleth, D. M. , Liesz, T. J. , 2011). Managers identify what products the consumers need and want, and try to create a decent image and campaign to launch that brand to the public. Strategic Planning Strategic planning involves creating and implementing creative ideas that will apply to the company’s goal. Strategic planning is the last step that draws all the functional areas of business together. According to University of Phoenix MBA Overview Module (2014), â€Å"managers use strategic planning and implementation to bring all aspects of the firm together† (para, Strategic Planning). These include economics, marketing, and finance to guarantee the business success. Conclusion In an organization, there are many functional areas of a business. These functional areas include management, law, human resource management, leadership, accounting, finance, economics, research and statistics, operations management, marketing, and strategic planning. A manager’s role is never the same in these functional areas. Within this paper, the writer has analyzed the role of a manager with the functional areas of business.

Economical And Environmental Factors Affecting The Travel And Tourism Tourism Essay

Economical And Environmental Factors Affecting The Travel And Tourism Tourism Essay Review and plan-making is a continuous process, and stakeholders are consulted and involved that this needs to be reflected in the way. Constructive dialogues with key players in the tourism sector should develop by plan-making bodies, and build partnerships with those who have a role in delivery of tourism programmes and schemes. Tesco is currently one of the leading supermarket in the UK. With their even growing success with their business, they are planning to expand an organisation into new markets. They are specially interest to enter the travel and tourism industry. I am recruited by Tesco as a member of their marketing team. This is a report for the company which is drawn from the market research and demonstrated a clear understanding on the social, economical and environmental factors affecting the travel and tourism industry. UK have impressive diversity and variety. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland all of the countries have its own unique personality for things to do and place to see. From the rolling hills of the Cotswolds and bustling city, like of Manchester to the chearms of sleepy Cornish village and dramatic coastal, splendour of the north east. UK tourism industry is much popular and well organised. Lots of employee works in this industry. From all over the world tourist, visitors come to UK to see its beauty and attractions. Border and immigration law is easy for short stay tourist and traveller. UK have lots of place to expend money for enjoy and UK always welcome people to visit there country. Thomas cook, Thomson are the bigger tour operator in UK. They can arrange a whole package for tourist or individual what tourist want. Tour operator provide travel ticket, hotel booking, tour guide, transport, food etc. UK is rich in natural history, stunning scenery and award-winning historical sites with attractions for all age groups and interests. It is easy to fined a hotel or accommodation in the UK. Whatever a tourist destination or budget theres a limitless range of quality hotels, BBs and other accommodation to choose from. UK have over 37000 places to stay in their accommodation directory British largest hotel listing. UK compare all the leading airline for the best scheduled charter and low-cost flights to UK. Air is not only way onto this island however, UK have also got all the information on high-speed rail likes from Europe, as well as Ferry routes to and from various destinations. Whether tourists are travelling on foot , by car, bus, taxi or train, in fact whatever type of transport tourist are using UK transport and help tourist find their way easily from city to city, airport to station or restaurant to hotel, as well as providing tourist about essential information on hoe to use these services in UK. The tourism industry is an important sector of the UK economy. Over 25.5 million visitors come to the UK in 1999 and estimates suggest that tourism expenditure was around  £61 billion and total employment in tourism in tourism-related industries was nearly 1.8 million people. Tourism industry include employment in the following sectors: Hotel and other tourist accommodation, Restaurants and cafes ect Bars, public houses and night-clubs, Travel agencies and tour operators, Libraries, museums and other cultural activates, Sports and other recreation activity. Tourist can buy their product in several way like internet, telephone, email, fax ect. Tourism industries have their own website and they provide full package or individual product for customer. They put all detail about their product and easy to buy online. Tourist can call tourism industry about any specific product or services and pay over phone as well. Page-2 The association of British Travel Agent: The association of British Travel Agent(ABTA) is a non-party political organisation which represents the interests of its members to government and key opinion formers. In the UK these include Government ministers, Mps, members of the Opposition parties, select committees and senior civil servants. In Europe they have close ties with members of the European Parliament, the European commission, and staff within the directorate generals. As well as working to make sure that governments are sensitive to the needs of the travel industry, they work with other leading travel industry organisations and maintain strong links with representatives of the main travel destinations and with other travel principals and suppliers. Many of these belong to their travel industry partner scheme. ABTAs policies and views are actively promoted to international, national and tread media. English tourism council : Its prime role will be to provide strategic leadership to drive delivery of the national tourism strategy. It will have a parallel function as a centre of excellence supporting the industry in five key areas. Role of legislation : Anyone involved in the recruitment and selection of staff for the tourism industry should be aware of their responsibility under the relevant UK legislation which are; Direct discrimination Indirect discrimination Victimisation Gender reassignment Sexual orientation Health and safety Data protection act ect. In the UK several Acts of parliament lay down the responsibilities of the seller to the buyer. The customer protection legislations are as follows; The right to the seller to sell Description Selling by sample Satisfactory quality ect. The key environmental legislations are as follows; EU regulation on ozone depleting substances Waste electrical and electronic equipment regulation Waste electrical. Page-3 Recent developments in environmentalism and the role of environmental organisations Key historical development of travel and tourism: In the wider context, the sixteenth century Elizabeth mansion become a social and cultural centre, and early origin of visiting friends and relatives are easily identified in the period. From the seventeenth century, a form of tourism known as polite visiting emerges. Tourism based on social and cultural experience and education for young aristocrats became particularly prominent during the eighteenth century. Moreover the desire for people to travel continued to grow after the elapse of the grand tour and over the years major events took place within the evolution of tourism. The organisational structure of the industry: Tourism board of directors was established under the tourism Act 1979. The top level members are chairman, deputy chairman, managing director, chief executive, and directors. Working with senior management, the board of directors is responsible for tourism overall performance. It approves goals and directions, strategic plan and performance target. The board of directors ensures appropriate policies, procedures and systems are in place to optimise performance, maintain high standards of ethical behaviour and provide leadership to tourism industry. ABTA: ABTA members themselves form the policy-making and enforcement machinery of ABTA. The board of directors , council of regions, regional representatives and a number of committees and working groups are supported in their work by a professional secretariat of some 60 staff. The primary aims of the code of conduct are to ensure that the public receive the best possible service from members, and to maintain and enhance the reputation , good name and standard of ABTA and its members. Advertising in brochures is dealt with by ABTAs Standards on Brochures Booking Conditions which contain the minimum levels of information that travel agent should include to ensure that their clients can confidently choose the travel arrangements that are right for them. Transport: Airport in airport ownership in UK the British airports authority (BAA) is the major organisation. BAA leading London Heathrow, Gatwick, Standsted, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, south Hampton. Also has management contract stakes in the other airport outside the UK, plus retail management contract at two airport in the USA. Airline British airline is one of the most famous and largest airline and 2nd largest airline in the world. It have four different type of cabin service ranging from economy to club world. Also there have lots of low cost airline which fly international rote. Like Ryan air , easy jet etc. Page-4 Ferry travel it is very traditional transport. From Dover in UK to France ferry travel is most popular. Before English channel every one thought that ferry will loss 50% of passenger but it was not happened. As a low cost transport ferry in famous in the world. The cruise market it is one of the most famous travel in the world for enjoyment. Most of the oldest tourist interest to travel in cruise. But now a days youth and couples have lots of fun and enjoyment in cruise. Road travel in UK travel by car is most popular for day travel or domestic holiday. The hire car is growth as well. people chose car when they are in abroad. Rail travel national rail own and operate the national rail network in UK. Rail is very relax journey for traveller and rail goes international rote as well like Euro star, Euro rail etc. Tourism services: Tour operator Tour operator put the role together from different part and make a holiday and sell them as packages to the customer. They contract with hotels, airlines and other transport companies for make a package tougher. There are three type of tour operator which are: Outbound, Inbound, and Domestic tour. Travel agent Travel agent giving advice or information and sell and administer booking for a number of tour operator. They also sell flights, ferry ticket booking, car hire, insurance, accommodation as separate product. Thus they are distribute of products. Attraction Attraction appeal to the domestic tourism market and inbound tourism market. Attraction has two types natural and manmade. Natural like forest, beaches, lakes, land scape, hills etc. Man made attractions are super structure, national park, museum, zoo, gallery etc. Accommodation There are many type of accommodation available in travel and tourism industry like Hotel Guest accommodation Holiday Park and campsites Self catering Youth hostel Campus Key environmental organisation: EIB:- The EIBs activity in the environmental field is extensive with staff involvement to match, in particular operational staff working on the environmental assessment of project. Environmental protection and improvement are among the EIBs key leading objectives. The EIBs environmental work is therefore increasingly varied and complex. ABP:- ABP works closely regularly with ABP marine environmental research (ABPmer), a subsidiary consultancy company with over 50 years experience of providing specialist consultancy services on coastal, estuarine and riverine developments and conservation project. Page-5 The demand and provision for tourism New development in transport and access and effect on travel and tourism in various way. World is become change. New technology coming in market and customer demand is become rise as well. In travel and tourism tourist want more relax and easy product. In transport there have a lots of change like travel by train in Europe is more quicker then before. As an example before London to Paris by train was 4 hour journey now it is 2.30 hour . Tourist want something more to see or always want something new. There have lots of new destination and tourist attraction built in Europe and America. For example Barcelona, Montserrat, the Costa Brava, Lake Garda, Venice Verona, Krakow etc. Harry porter theme park on course to open in Florida, Italy to open up renaissance canals. Tourist want their tour easy. So when they want to go for tour, they can make their decision in short time an booking there ticket for air or hotel on spot. Japan use their oyster in their mobile phone. So they do not use card. They touch their mobile as a oyster. Mobile broadband is avail able in all over the world. Mass tourism could only have developed with the improvements in technology, allowing the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure interest , so that greater numbers of people could being to enjoy the benefits of leisure time. World change rapidly and new technology change our life everyday. People always want something new and easy. On the other hand credit crunch quickly change tourism industry. Tourist who normally book 5 star hotel they interested to book 3 star hotel in this situation. Tourist tried to use public bus and travel in cheaper flight in the term of credit crunch. On the other hand people expectation become change. Tourist now want to travel in short time to get more time to visit other place. They want their all expectation in same place. In UK some of the shopping complex established for tourist attraction, where tourist can buy all their need in same place. Not only in shopping also in artificial sea beach, where tourist can get natural felling in all the year. Different age of people travel for different reason or for specie reason people can travel. Young age people mostly travel for adventure or activity like game or special event. Some of them travel for visiting their friend and relatives. But this type of travel tourist also try to fined attraction. Study tour is another popular tourism. Student mostly travel for specie place or attraction which is related with their study and can learn something from this travel. Religion reason is also a travel, like and example Muslim community travel in Saudi Arabia in a specie day to celebrate their hajj. From all over the world lots of Muslims come every year. Same as Hindu religion. India is bigger Hindu community in the world. So from all over the world people who are Hindu goes to India to celebrate their ceremony. SPA tourism is popular for those tourist who have some problem in health. Also people travel for treatment in different country. At the end of treatment people visit some of the pl ace as a tourist. Page-6 The role of government and the political and economical environment Political Environment in International Business: Political environment has a very important impact on every business or organisation where they operation, no matter what its size or its area of operation. Whether the company is in local area, regional area or national, large or small, political factors of the country will have an impact on it. And the most crucial and unavoidable realities of international business are that both host and home governments are integral partners. Show something in its policies and attitudes about business are a governments idea of how best to promote the national interest, political philosophy and considering its own resources. Encouraging and offering support or by discouraging and banning or restricting its activities depending on the government controls and restricts a companys. . The term political structure, used in a general sense, refers to # or groups and their relations to each other, their patterns of interaction within # and to political #, # and the norms present in political systems in such a way that they constitute the political landscape of the political entity. A situation in which conditions and mechanisms of governance and rule are challenged as to their political legitimacy by elements operating from outside of the normal operations of the political system. When challenge occurs from within a political system and the system is able to adapt and change to meet demands on it, it can be said to be stable. Even then, however, the challenge of governance and rule from outside the political system is often associated with events of violence. Political instability will therefore Normally go hand in hand with political violence. In the following, we will use the two terms interchangeably. It is also clear, however, that authoritarian countries can be stable but also relatively free of events of violence if they do not need to resort to violence to uphold their authoritarian rule and dissuade opposition groups from undertaking Violent acts on their part. We will test the hypothesis that autocracy, as such, does not have negative impacts on tourism. The is an combining of various economic factors, such as total productivity, employment, inflation, income, and interest rates. These factors influence the spending design of individuals and firms. Microeconomic environment: It includes the economic environment of a particular firm, industry or household and is primarily concerned with price determination of individual factors. The efficient allocation of resources is the main consideration from a microeconomic perspective. This is necessary to maximize total output. Page-7 Macroeconomic environment: It includes all the in totality. The determination of the employment in the levels of income and the economy is the main consideration here. Interest rates: Interest rates determine the cost and the flow of money of borrowing towards businesses. Exchange rates: This impacts from the profits made by employment levels, exporters and the price of imports. Income and wealth: Income in an economy is measured by GDP, GNP and per capita. In these factors a progressive economic environment shown by high values. Inflation and deflation: Inflationary and deflationary pressures alter the purchasing power of this which has a direct impact on employment rates, consumer spending, tax policies, business investment, and government programs . Productivity: This is the output generated from a given amount of inputs. High levels of productivity support by the economic environment . Page-8 The trends in tourism Political stability and instability: political stability and political relations influences the image of destinations in tourism- generating regions. Example of political strife that cause problematic concerns in the attraction of visitors are warfare, coups, political sticks or protests. Political instability is described as a condition of country where a government has been toppled or is controlled by factions following a coup or where basic functional per-requisites for social order control and maintenance are unstable and periodically disrupted. Economical change: economical change influence tourism in many way. Recent credit crunch is a economical change in the world where country like USA, UK mostly affected. People loose their job, lots of company close there operation for money. People have no extra money for tourism. So this economical change reduce tourist. On the other hand tourism industries reduce their price for overcome the economical change. Customer need and expectation: tourist change their need and expectation every time. They always want something new and high slandered so tourism industry going to follow customer demand. Product life cycle: tourism life cycle have 4 method of life cycle like introductory, growth, maturity and decline. In summer tourism industry do lots of activity for tourist. But when summer is going to end tourist have no interest about the activities. And at the end of summer tourism industry stop to do those activity and ready for winter. This life cycle for summer and winter rolling in tourism industry. Environmental issue: The environmental effects, widely defined, include cultural and social elements, and are probably the biggest problem of tourism. Environmental impact of tourism is most visible in tourist destinations. But effects are also visible at points of origin and transit. For example, the output of aircrafts, ferries, buses, cars equipment and promotional material consumes productive and energy resources and generates waste in origin areas while travel creates pollution in the atmosphere and adversely effects the environment of areas traversed. Globalisation: Globalization has increased the interdependence between countries, economies and people. It does not involve only giant corporations, but also small and medium sized businesses together with family-run firms. This process has led to the creation and operation of global tourism market where destinations, which are expected to compete on equal basis regardless of the country of origin, function interactively. Globalization has opened a whole new world of development opportunities. Education and training : people are more educated. So in tourism staff need trained and educated to understand tourist and communicate with them. Tourist want high standard and quality product and trained and skill customer care in their tour. So tourism industry aware of it and trained their staff about product and services. Tourism is a big industry. Every year number of tourist are increase in average 5%. There are different type of tourist like some of the tourist stay for few week, some of the tourist stay for more then a month or day travel tourist. All of the tourist have same target to travel and fined a new place for enjoy and know something new. Some Page-9 of the tourist come in seasonal. Summer is best time for tourism. Specially in Europe and American tourist like summer tour. But some of the country have some special day where tourist go specially for that day or time. Tourist want always new destination to visit. So tourism industry always fined new destination for tourist. Tourist want everything in same place and make easy their tour. Ecotourism is most poplar tourism for tourist to get everything in same place and enjoy for a short time. Page-10 The role of planning theories, practices and legislation in sustainable tourism and planning strategy In all forms of tourism have crucial importance to the economic, environmental and social well-being of the whole country. The vital role of planning system has to play in terms of facilitating the improvement and development of tourism in appropriate locations. Planners understand the importance of tourism need to ensure by tourism industry and take this fully into account when taking planning decisions and preparing development plans. Also ensure that those involved in the tourism industry understand the principles of national planning policy as they apply to tourism and how these can be applied when preparing individual planning applications. The tourism industry work and the planners together effectively to deliver, facilitate and promote new tourism developments in a sustainable way. Tourism have crucial importance in UK. It provides millions of jobs, generates significant revenues, , supports communities and helps to improve and maintain important national assets. A vital compo nent of tourism is the make-up of the national economy. It contributes  £74 billion to GDP1. It is the UKs third largest foreign exchange earner after vehicles and oil, of total exports tourism accounts for over 4%. It contributes an estimated  £11.8 billion to the national exchequer in terms of the tax paid by tourists on services and goods.2.2 million people employs by the industry 7.7% of the UK workforce. Tourism jobs are located outside London almost 80% and in 150,000 small and medium-sized enterprises most tourism employment is located. Having established the make into whole link between the environment and tourism, tourism and area development planning models are applicable to environmental conservation and protection planning as well as briefly reviewed. Parallels are drawn between the two planning approaches especially in relation to social special components. It is then provide evidence for something that the future of environment of tourism planning is based on environmental conservation, tourist views, the incorporation of community and the recognition of functional differentiation. It is insist on right that the planning of national areas for tourism should being from an environmental base and work forwards towards the identification of tourism opportunities and include the view of community groups and tourists. Tourism is an important industry in all over the world. Its future development will be secured by tourism developers who engaging with the planning process and that importance those who operating the planning system recognising. The simple idea of ensuring a better quality is the heart of sustainable development which is life for everyone, now and for future generations. To help to make new development more sustainable the planning process provides the opportunity, both through the preparation of development plans and when decisions are taken on specific schemes. The outcomes should be developments which provide accessible development, safe and well-designed, and create new opportunities that will improve the regeneration of communities and the well being of individuals. The result in more efficient use of land and bring forward sufficient land to meet a wide range of expected needs. Provide a supportive framework for successful business and economic growth. Create viable, vibrant an d vital town centres. Reduce the need to travel protect and enhance the natural and safeguard natural resources and built environment . Page-11 Conclusion This report offers practical advice to ensure that planners understand the importance of tourism and take this fully into account when taking planning decisions about tourism and preparing development plans. It also aims to help Tesco in the tourism industry to understand about the principles of national planning policy which they can apply in tourism. This report discuses how planners and the tourism industry should work together to promote, deliver and facilitate new tourism development in a sustainable way. Page-12

The Use of Irony in Barbara L. Greenbergs The Faithful Wife Essay

The Use of Irony in Barbara L. Greenberg's The Faithful Wife "The Faithful Wife" by Barbara L. Greenberg is a fascinating, satirical account of what the speaker would do if she were unfaithful to her husband. Upon the first reading of this poem, I thought the woman in this poem was saying that her husband was irreplaceable and because of that she would never be unfaithful. Also I thought that if she did betray him, she would choose someone totally different from him, which somehow wouldn't dishonor this great man. However, with repeated reading, my opinion changed. Greenberg did an incredible job of revealing the truth of the situation. She used verbal irony to explain how the wife in the poem is actually revealing the relationship she does have with her husband and describing the type of relationship she would like to have. Greenberg uses more formal diction to convey her message in "The Faithful Wife." The poem is not written in everyday language. It is missing the colloquial elements of contractions and slang. While it seems to be a conversation anyone could have, it is no...

Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler’s Rise to Powe

Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Germany and Hitler’s Rise to Power German history is seen as a ‘painful issue for thousands of Germans and other Europeans’ . However it has interested many historians over the years into inquiring how and why Hitler came to power and how much of this was to do with the failure of parliamentary democracy in Germany. To fully ascertain to what extent these events have in common and what reasons led to the fall of democracy and rise of the Nazis, each have to be looked at individually. Also it seems beneficial, to be able to evaluate these in the relevant context, to look at the situation in Germany was in prior to 1920. In 1919, the treaty of Versailles was signed marking the end of World War One. Soon after, the Weimar republic was established. It was hoped that this democratic constitution would mark a turning point for Germany. Turning the people of Germany away from the authoritarian style of government they were used to, towards a more stable democracy. Since the German nation was used to being ruled, rather than ruling itself, it was a hard transition to accomplish. Democracy was a new concept within Germany and many people were willing to look to the left and right wings for political leadership. Also World War One had created an unsettling influence on the people of Germany and the establishment of Weimar, with its wish for freedom and democracy hoped to settle this. In essence Weimar faced many problems from the outset; it had to cope with not only political challenges, but economic problems, structural weaknesses and the legacy of World War One. Weimar had also inherited the ruins of a con quered autocracy, a ruined economy and two ruthlessly anti-democratic political extremes The Weimar Republic did not start on a good footing, since the first president was not democratically elected; instead Friedrich Ebert took the first oath of constitution on Prince Max’s command. Some believe that the structure of Weimar was the main reason for its failure. There were many flaws in the constitution, which prohibited it from becoming a western style of democracy. The first thing to look at is how the constitution was established. After World War One, the German people were divided, those to the left believed that they had been lied to and deceived into fighting a war for the upper class. The Right believed th... ...2. Between the July and November elections the Nazi party lost 34 seats. However the implementation of Schleicher, to attract trade unionists and members of the NSDAP, only succeeded in making Hitler’s position in the Nazi party stronger. This was because Schleicher’s ‘policy of diagonal’ only attracted Strasser, for which he was ousted from the Nazi party. This was Hitler’s main opponent in the quest for leadership of the nazi party. The Weimar Republic's demise and Hitler’s rise to power are very inter-linked. This can be shown by the static enrolment for the Nazi party when Stresseman brought Germany into the era of the ‘golden years’. It could be said that opposition to democracy rose and fell in harmony with movements in prosperity.’ Hitler exploited this with his political astuteness of knowing what and when to promise things in the ‘new’ Germany. Many reasons for the fall of democracy also link to Hitler’s rise of power. It could be argued that if Weimar had been a stronger constitution then Hitler would not have come to power. However Hitler was an opportunist and I believe that if Weimar had survived Hitler would have found another way to rise to Germany’s dictator.